The three types of chaining in ABA therapy are forward chaining, backward chaining, and total task chaining. These teaching strategies help us break down multi-step skills and teach them in a way that feels achievable and motivating for the learner. I use chaining constantly because so many daily life skills are really just a series of small steps linked together.

Whether we’re working on self-care, routines, or school skills, chaining allows us to teach independence without overwhelming the child.

Understanding chaining in ABA

In applied behavior analysis, chaining is used when a skill has multiple steps that must be completed in a specific order. Think brushing teeth, packing a backpack, or completing a classroom routine. Instead of expecting the learner to do everything at once, we decide how to teach the steps based on what will lead to the most success.

That’s where the three types of chaining come in.

Forward chaining

With forward chaining, we start by teaching the first step of the task. Once that step is mastered, we add the next step, and continue moving forward until the entire chain is learned.

I often use forward chaining when a learner benefits from structure and predictability. Starting at the beginning helps them understand how the task flows.

Example:
When teaching handwashing, the learner first learns to turn on the water independently. The rest of the steps are prompted. Over time, more steps are added until they complete the entire routine on their own.

Works well when:

• The learner can wait for reinforcement
• The task has a clear beginning
• Building momentum is helpful

Backward chaining

Backward chaining focuses on teaching the last step first. The instructor completes all the earlier steps, and the learner finishes the task.

This approach is powerful because the learner ends every trial with success. I’ve seen motivation increase quickly when learners realize they are the one completing the task.

Example:
When teaching shoe tying, the learner may only practice pulling the loops tight at first. As mastery improves, earlier steps are added back in.

Works well when:

• Immediate reinforcement is important
• The learner becomes frustrated easily
• The final step is naturally rewarding

Total task chaining

With total task chaining, the learner practices every step of the task each time, with prompts provided as needed. Instead of mastering steps one at a time, we teach the whole routine from start to finish.

I like using this method when a learner already knows some steps but needs help connecting them. It’s also great for shorter routines.

Example:
A learner attempts an entire morning routine while the instructor prompts only the steps they haven’t mastered yet.

Works well when:

• The learner has partial independence
• The routine is familiar
• The goal is fluency and confidence

How we use chaining to build independence

There’s no single “best” chaining method. The right choice depends on the learner, the skill, and what will keep motivation high. In practice, we often use different types of chaining for different goals — even with the same child.

At Milestone Achievements, we use chaining as part of a thoughtful, individualized approach to ABA therapy. Our goal is always real-world independence, not just skill completion.

We proudly offer:

• In-home ABA therapy
• School-based ABA therapy

And we serve families across Georgia.

If you’re looking for ABA services that focus on practical skills and meaningful progress, reach out to us today. We’d love to support your child’s next milestone.

FAQs

What is chaining in ABA?

Chaining in ABA is a teaching strategy used to break down a complex skill into smaller steps and teach those steps in a structured, manageable way.

When should forward chaining be used?

Forward chaining is often used when a learner benefits from starting at the beginning of a task and gradually building independence as new steps are added.

Why is backward chaining effective for some learners?

Backward chaining allows the learner to complete the final step of a task, which can be very motivating since they experience success at the end of every trial.

How do you choose the best chaining method in ABA?

The best chaining method depends on the learner’s current skills, motivation level, and the complexity of the task. Many learners use different chaining methods for different goals.

Sources:

• https://www.whittington.nhs.uk/default.asp?c=46086
• https://www.motivity.net/blog/what-is-backward-chaining-in-aba
• https://www.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org/behavior-chaining/
• https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=cpcf_etds
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3177336/

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